Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; born in Pisa, Tuscany, February 15, 1564 - died in Arcetri, Tuscany, January 8, 1642 at the age of 77 years) was an Italian astronomer, philosopher and physicist who had a major role in scientific revolution. He is referred to as "the father of observational astronomy", [2] "father of modern physics", "father of the scientific method", and "father of science".
His contributions to science include the improvement of the telescope, various astronomical observations, and the laws of first and second motion (dynamics). In addition, Galileo was also known as a Copernican supporter of the circulation of the earth around the sun and the sun as a solar system.
As a result of his views, he was considered deviating from the beliefs that had been held by the community and the church at that time, and submitted to the Italian church court on June 22, 1633. His thinking about the sun as the center of the solar system contradicted Aristotle's teachings and the church's belief that the earth was the center universe. He was punished with exile (house arrest) until his death. [8] [9] It was not until 1992 that Pope John Paul II declared officially that the verdict was wrong, and in a December 21 2008 speech Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Roman Catholic Church rehabilitated his name as a scientist.
His contributions to science include the improvement of the telescope, various astronomical observations, and the laws of first and second motion (dynamics). In addition, Galileo was also known as a Copernican supporter of the circulation of the earth around the sun and the sun as a solar system.
As a result of his views, he was considered deviating from the beliefs that had been held by the community and the church at that time, and submitted to the Italian church court on June 22, 1633. His thinking about the sun as the center of the solar system contradicted Aristotle's teachings and the church's belief that the earth was the center universe. He was punished with exile (house arrest) until his death. [8] [9] It was not until 1992 that Pope John Paul II declared officially that the verdict was wrong, and in a December 21 2008 speech Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Roman Catholic Church rehabilitated his name as a scientist.
According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo can be considered the biggest contributor to the world of modern science. The results of his efforts can be said to be a major breakthrough from Aristotle. The conflict with the Roman Catholic Church (Galileo Events) is an early example of the conflict between religious authorities and freedom of thought (especially in science) in Western society.
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Tuscany on February 15, 1564 as the first child of Vincenzo Galilei, a mathematician and musician from Florence, and Giulia Ammannati. He has been educated since childhood. Then, he studied at the University of Pisa but was stopped due to financial problems. Fortunately, he was offered a position there in 1589 to teach mathematics. After that, he moved to Padua University to teach geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610. In those days, he had studied science and made various discoveries.
In 1612, Galileo went to Rome and joined the Accademia dei Lincei to observe sunspots. That same year, there was a rejection of the theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, a theory supported by Galileo. In 1614, from Santa Maria Novella, Tommaso Caccini condemned Galileo's opinion about the movement of the earth, giving the assumption that the theory was perverted and dangerous. Galileo himself went to Rome to defend himself. In 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino handed over a notice which prohibited him from supporting or teaching Copernican theory.
Galileo wrote Saggiatore in 1622, which was later published in 1623. In 1624, he developed one of the early microscopes. In 1630, he returned to Rome to make permission to print the Dialogon Sopra book due to mass system del mondo which was later published in Florence in 1632. However, that same year, the Catholic Church sentenced Galileo to be held at Siena.
In December 1633, he was allowed to retire to his villa in Arcetri. His last book, Discorsi e dimrazrazi matematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze was published in Leiden in 1638. At that time, Galileo was almost totally blind. On January 8, 1642, Galileo died in Arcetri while accompanied by Vincenzo Viviani, one of his students.
Unlike some people believe, Galileo did not create a telescope but he had perfected the tool. He became the first person to wear it to observe the sky, and for some time, he was one of the few people who could make a good telescope. Initially, he made telescopes based solely on descriptions of tools made in the Netherlands in 1608. He made a telescope with a magnification of 3x and then made new models that could reach 32x. On August 25, 1609, he demonstrated a telescope on legal makers from Venice. In addition, the results of his work also produced other results because there were traders who used their telescopes for shipping purposes. His astronomical observations were first published in March 1610, titled Sidereus Nuncius.
Galileo discovered three natural satellites of Jupiter -Io, Europa, and Callisto- on January 7, 1610. Four nights later, he found Ganymede. He also found that the months appeared and disappeared, the symptoms he predicted originated from the movement of these objects to Jupiter, so he concluded that the four objects were orbiting the planet.
